FAD
FAD Disodium Salt | Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Manufacturer Headline: High-Purity FAD Disodium Salt Manufacturer | Coenzyme B2 (CAS: 84366-81-4) Sub-info: Assay: ≥95% (HPLC) | Source: Fermentation / Enzymatic Synthesis | Grade: Pharma / Diagnostic USP: High Solubility (Disodium Form) • Essential Redox Cofactor • Non-GMO Origin
Introduction
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD), supplied as the stable Disodium Salt, is the biologically active coenzyme form of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2). It serves as a critical prosthetic group for various oxidoreductases (flavoenzymes), including those involved in the Krebs cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and the electron transport chain.
Our FAD Disodium Salt is produced via advanced Enzymatic Catalysis, ensuring superior purity and bioavailability compared to chemical synthesis. It is extensively used in ophthalmic drugs, diagnostic kits, and high-end nutraceuticals targeting mitochondrial health.
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Keywords：
disodium
manufacturer
diagnostic
Functions
1. Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism
FAD is the electron carrier for Succinate Dehydrogenase (Complex II) in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. It accepts electrons to form FADH2, which is essential for ATP production, driving cellular energy.
2. Oxidative Stress Defense
FAD is a required cofactor for Glutathione Reductase, the enzyme responsible for regenerating Reduced Glutathione (GSH). By maintaining GSH levels, FAD directly supports the body's antioxidant defense system against free radicals.
3. Ophthalmic Health
FAD plays a vital role in corneal metabolism. It is used pharmaceutically in eye drops to treat corneal ectasia, keratitis, and to support corneal healing after surgery (e.g., in Vitamin B2-based corneal cross-linking procedures).
Applications
Pharmaceuticals (API):
• Eye Drops: Used to treat corneal disorders and Vitamin B2 deficiency-related eye fatigue.
• Metabolic Drugs: Injectables or tablets for metabolic disorders involving riboflavin deficiency.
Diagnostic Reagents:
• Glucose Sensing: Key component in Glucose Oxidase (GOD) based blood glucose test strips.
Nutraceuticals:
• Mitochondrial Support: Often paired with CoQ10 and NAD+ precursors for comprehensive anti-aging formulas.
Flow Chart
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) → Phosphorylation (Flavokinase) → FMN (Flavin Mononucleotide) → Adenylylation (FAD Synthetase) → Reaction Termination→Filtration → Ion Exchange Purification → Salt Formation(Disodium)→Concentration → Lyophilization → Quality Control → Packaging
Note: Our enzymatic process mimics the natural biological pathway, avoiding the use of toxic condensing agents found in chemical synthesis.
Quality Standard of Lactoferrin
Item | Specification | Result |
Appearance | Orange-yellow to yellowish-brown powder | Conforms |
Assay (HPLC) | ≥ 93.0% (Anhydrous Basis) | 99.8% |
Identification | UV / IR Spectrum | Conforms |
Water Content | ≤ 10.0% (Hygroscopic) | 2.16% |
pH (1% Solution) | 5.5 – 6.5 | 6.3 |
Heavy Metals | ≤ 20 ppm | < 20 ppm |
Arsenic (As) | ≤ 1.0 ppm | < 0.1 ppm |
Solvent residue (Ethanol) | <0.5% | 0.365 |
Method of Analysis of Lactoferrin
We employ Reverse-Phase HPLC with UV detection at 260nm and 450nm.
• Purity Ratio: We measure the absorbance ratio A260/A450 (typically 3.25 - 3.65) to confirm the integrity of the Adenine and Flavin moieties, ensuring the molecule is intact.
Reference Chromatogram of Lactoferrin Reference Substance
The HPLC trace shows the main FAD peak. Minor peaks may include trace amounts of FMN (Flavin Mononucleotide) or free Riboflavin, which are controlled precursors and biologically safe.
Stability and Safety
Stability Studies
FAD is extremely sensitive to light (photolysis).
• Storage: Store in amber glass vials or aluminum foil bags at 2-8°C (Refrigerated).
• Shelf Life: 24 months under cold, dark conditions.
• Light Warning: Exposure to light causes rapid degradation into Lumichrome. Always handle under low light or yellow light conditions in the lab.
Safety & Handling (MSDS Summary)
• Classification: Non-hazardous.
• Handling: Wear protective eyewear. Substance is a strong dye (stains skin/clothing yellow).
• Storage: Keep container tightly closed in a refrigerator.
Customer Comments
Senior Scientist, German Diagnostic Company
2026.02.05
★★★★☆
R&D Manager, Japanese Pharma Company
2026.02.05
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FAQ
What is the difference between Riboflavin, FMN, and FAD?
They are sequential metabolic forms. • Riboflavin (B2): The vitamin precursor. • FMN (Flavin Mononucleotide): Phosphorylated B2. • FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide): The most biologically active coenzyme form, consisting of FMN bonded to Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP). FAD is the form required by most flavoenzymes (approx 75%).
Why is it a Disodium Salt?
Free acid FAD has poor water solubility. The Disodium Salt (FAD-Na2) is highly water-soluble, making it suitable for aqueous formulations like eye drops and diagnostic buffers.
Can this be used in cosmetics?
Yes. FAD is sometimes used in "Cellular Energy" creams to boost skin metabolism, similar to CoQ10. Its bright orange color also acts as a natural colorant, though care must be taken regarding light stability.
References
1.Massey, V. "The chemical and biological versatility of vitamin B2." Biochemical Society Transactions (2000).
2.Lienhart, W. D., et al. "FAD biosynthesis: a clear target for drug development." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics (2013).
3.Ito, K., et al. "Pharmacokinetics of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) after oral administration." Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology.
4.Wollensak, G., et al. "Riboflavin/ultraviolet-A-induced collagen crosslinking for the treatment of keratoconus." American Journal of Ophthalmology (2003) (Contextual use in eye therapy).
5.Barile, M., et al. "Flavin adenine dinucleotide and mitochondrial energy metabolism." Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease.
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